Decline and End

Tyre’s independence was repeatedly restricted by larger empires. Assyrian kings demanded tribute, Babylonian rulers asserted control, and Persian rulers incorporated Tyre into their imperial maritime system.

The decisive end of its old Phoenician monarchy came with Alexander’s conquest in 332 BC. His siege transformed the city’s geography through the construction of a causeway.

Tyre was not abandoned. It continued as an important city under Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine, and later governments.