These twenty-five ancient manuscripts are just a few among the important surviving witnesses to the text of Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John. Some preserve only a few lines; others contain long passages or complete Gospels. Together they help us trace how the written accounts of Jesus were copied and transmitted.
Here you can explore the physical evidence, its approximate dates, the Gospel passages preserved, and the institutions holding these manuscripts. Dating is often approximate, and differences between copies can be examined alongside their extensive agreements.
Our thirteen studies explain the transmission, dating, comparison, and preservation of the Gospels.
Explore the 13 Investigations25 manuscripts found.
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Date: Fourth to fifth century AD
Type: Majuscule
Washingtonianus demonstrates that all four Gospels continued to circulate together in substantial manuscript form during late antiquity. Its recognizable Gospel texts provide…
Date: Eighth century AD; ninth century also proposed
Type: Majuscule
Codex Regius demonstrates that important forms of the Gospel text continued to be transmitted into the early medieval period. Its agreements with earlier witnesses support…
Date: Ninth century AD
Type: Majuscule
Koridethi demonstrates that Greek Gospel texts continued to be copied and preserved in geographically separated Christian communities. Its agreements with earlier manuscripts…
Date: Ninth century AD
Type: Majuscule
Sangallensis demonstrates the continued preservation of the Greek Gospel text during the ninth century. Its bilingual presentation provides an additional means of examining…
Date: Sixth century AD
Type: Majuscule
Rossanensis preserves substantial sixth-century texts of Matthew and Mark. Comparison with earlier and later manuscripts contributes to the evidence for continuity in Gospel…
Date: Sixth century AD
Type: Majuscule
Petropolitanus provides substantial sixth-century evidence for the transmission of all four Gospels. Its surviving text contributes to comparison with earlier manuscripts,…
Date: Sixth century AD
Type: Majuscule
Beratinus provides substantial sixth-century evidence for the continued preservation of Matthew and Mark. Its surviving wording can be compared with earlier witnesses,…
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