Ancient Observance
Ancient Yom Kippur centered on the sanctuary and the work of the high priest.
The high priest prepared carefully for his duties. He washed, changed garments and offered sacrifices according to the commands given in the Torah.
He first made atonement for himself and his household. He then carried out the rites for the people of Israel.
One goat was sacrificed as a sin offering. The other was kept alive. The high priest laid his hands on its head and confessed the sins of the people. The goat was then led into the wilderness.
The high priest also entered the Holy of Holies with sacrificial blood. This entrance made Yom Kippur unique among the days of Israel's worship.
The people themselves rested and practiced self-denial. By the Second Temple period, prayer and public participation had also become important parts of the observance.