
Ptolemy XII Auletes
Ptolemaic Period
Ptolemaic Dynasty
80-58 BC; 55-51 BC
Ptolemy XII Auletes was the father of Cleopatra VII and ruled during a period of increasing Roman influence over Egyptian affairs. Driven from Egypt for several years, he regained his throne with Roman military assistance and left a kingdom increasingly dependent upon Rome.
Berenice IV
Ptolemaic Period
Ptolemaic Dynasty
58-55 BC
Berenice IV ruled Egypt while her father, Ptolemy XII, was in exile after being driven from Alexandria. When Ptolemy returned to power with Roman military support in 55 BC, Berenice was deposed and executed.
Cleopatra VII
Ptolemaic Period
Ptolemaic Dynasty
51-30 BC
Cleopatra VII was the last active ruler of Ptolemaic Egypt. Her alliances with Julius Caesar and Mark Antony placed Egypt at the center of the final Roman civil wars; after defeat by Octavian, Egypt became a Roman province in 30 BC.
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